Coconut Oil Fights Deadly Yeast Infections, Study Suggests

A common food oil has been found to have potent antifungal properties that could literally save lives. 

The coconut palm is perhaps the world’s most widely distributed and versatile food-medicine, and has been prized and even revered by indigenous cultures for a wide range of health complaints since time immemorial. Increasingly, scientific evidence is emerging validating its traditionally ascribed health benefits, and more, including supporting brain health, protecting the heart, and even reducing stress and depression.

Now, a new study led by researchers at Tufts University has found that coconut oil is highly effective at controlling the overgrowth of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans in mice.

Published in the American Society for Microbiology’s journal mSphere and titled, “Manipulation of Host Diet to Reduce Gastrointestinal Colonization by the Opportunistic Pathogen Candida Albicans,” the study identified C. albicans as the most common human pathogen, with a mortality rate of about 40% when causing systemic infections.

C. albicans is normally present in the human gastrointestinal tract, but antibiotics can destroy commensal bacteria that normally keep Candida populations within a healthy range. According to the study, compromised immunity is also a major cause of C. albicans overgrowth, and  “Systemic infections caused by C. albicans can lead to invasive candidiasis, which is the fourth most common blood infection among hospitalized patients in the United States according to the CDC.”

Conventional anti-fungal drugs carry with them significant risk of adverse effects, and their repeated use leads to the development of drug resistant strains of fungal pathogens, making natural approaches all the more attractive. The researchers hypothesized that a coconut-based dietary intervention might reduce Candida infection in mice. The study design and results were reported on ScienceDaily.com as follows:

The team, led by microbiologist Carol Kumamoto and nutrition scientist Alice H. Lichtenstein, investigated the effects of three different dietary fats on the amount of C. albicans in the mouse gut: coconut oil, beef tallow and soybean oil. A control group of mice were fed a standard diet for mice. Coconut oil was selected based on previous studies that found that the fat had antifungal properties in the laboratory setting.

A coconut oil-rich diet reduced C. albicans in the gut compared to a beef tallow-or soybean oil-rich diet. Coconut oil alone, or the combination of coconut oil and beef tallow, reduced the amount of C. albicans in the gut by more than 90% compared to a beef tallow-rich diet.

“Coconut oil even reduced fungal colonization when mice were switched from beef tallow to coconut oil, or when mice were fed both beef tallow and coconut oil at the same time. These findings suggest that adding coconut oil to a patient’s existing diet might control the growth of C. albicans in the gut, and possibly decrease the risk of fungal infections caused by C. albicans,” said Kumamoto, Ph.D., a professor of molecular biology and microbiology at Tufts University School of Medicine and member of the molecular microbiology and genetics program faculties at the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences.

These preliminary results have profound implications for the practice of medicine, according to a statement made to ScienceDaily by Alice H LIchtenstein, D.Sc., director of the Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University:

“This study marks a first step in understanding how life-threatening yeast infections in susceptible individuals might be reduced through the short-term and targeted use of a specific type of fat. As exciting as these findings are, we have to keep in mind that the majority of adult Americans are at high risk for heart disease, the number one killer in the U.S. The potential use of coconut oil in the short term to control the rate of fungal overgrowth should not be considered a prophylactic approach to preventing fungal infections.”

The first author of the study, Kearney Gunsalus, Ph.D. an Institutional Research and Academic Career Development (IRACDA) postdoctoral fellow at the Sackler School in Kumamoto’s lab, also offered his opinion on the study implications:

“We want to give clinicians a treatment option that might limit the need for antifungal drugs. If we can use coconut oil as a safe, dietary alternative, we could decrease the amount of antifungal drugs used, reserving antifungal drugs for critical situations.”

Previous research, available to view on GreenMedInfo.com, indicates that coconut oil is also an effective anti-fungal agent against the growth of dermatophytes, a type of yeast which can cause infections of the skin, nails, and hair because they can utilize keratin.

For more research on the health benefits of coconut oil, view our database section on the topic here. For more research on natural interventions to prevent and/or treat Candida infection, view our database on the topic here.

© December 22, 2017 GreenMedInfo LLC. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of GreenMedInfo LLC. Want to learn more from GreenMedInfo? Sign up for the newsletter here http://www.greenmedinfo.com/greenmed/newsletter.

The post Coconut Oil Fights Deadly Yeast Infections, Study Suggests appeared first on The Sleuth Journal.

The Ultimate Candida Diet Program

Ten years ago, few people knew about the significance of candida overgrowth, let alone the health benefits of embarking on a candida diet program. But today, thanks to new attitudes on the detriments of excess sugar consumption, and a growing interest in natural health and nutrition, more and more people are asking about diet as a way to cleanse candida. Here we’ll explain everything you need to know about candida and candida diets, so you can determine if a candida diet is right for you.

What Is Candida?

Candida is a type of fungus (a yeast to be exact) that resides in your body’s microbiome—which includes the intestinal tract, skin, mucosa, and genitals.^[1] There are many strains of candida, but the most common is candida albicans.^[2]

Candida is nothing new—nor is it necessarily something to be feared. Candida is not a “bad” thing in and of itself. In fact, every living person is harboring multiple strains of candida at all times. Candida becomes an issue when it overgrows and crowds out other beneficial microbes. When this happens, it disrupts the balance of beneficial bacteria, fungus, and yeasts in your gut microbiota, resulting in a slew of symptoms ranging from mild to severe.

What Causes Candida Overgrowth?

The main factors that lead to candida yeast overgrowth include:

• A weak immune system^[1, 3]


• Antibiotic use^[3, 4]


• Steroid use^[3, 4]


• Chronic stress^[5]


• Overconsumption of sugar and starches^[6]


• Overconsumption of alcohol^[2]


• Diabetes^[7]


• Surgery and time spent in an intensive care unit.^[8]


• Use of the birth control pill^[9]

Common Symptoms of Candida Overgrowth in Men and Women

Sugar cravings are the most common symptom of candida overgrowth, and the reason is that sugars and refined starches (AKA carbohydrates) are candida’s preferred source of fuel.^[10] Other common symptoms include:

• Fungal infections of the skin, throat, esophagus, and blood^[11]


• Leaky gut syndrome^[12]


• Chronic yeast infections^[9]


• Mood swings and mental health issues (due to the disturbance of the gut bacteria)^[13]


• Weakened immune system^[3]


• Psoriasis and eczema^[14]

The Candida Diet Plan: Your Best Defense Against Candida Overgrowth

The best natural way to overcome candida overgrowth and restore balance is to abide by a candida diet plan coupled with specific natural remedies. The candida diet is a simple, sugar elimination diet that restricts sugars, starches, and a few other foods, while still offering a great variety to choose from.

The candida diet works by “starving” the excess candida and taking away their primary food sources (namely sugars), while simultaneously rebuilding your gut microbiota with nourishing, probiotic and prebiotic-rich foods. Although you won’t go hungry on this diet, there are some foods that you’ll need to avoid. Let’s take a look at some of those foods.

The Candida Diet Plan Part 1: Foods to Avoid

Though there is much to be said about bending the rules when it comes to traditional “dieting” (a practice I don’t recommend), in a candida diet these rules must be followed to achieve results. When you’re done with the diet and your candida is in check, you can go back enjoying a more flexible eating routine.

1. All Sugar and Artificial Sweeteners

Since sugar is candida’s preferred food source, removing sugar is the most vital key to your success. The same goes for artificial sweeteners. Artificial sweeteners are not allowed as they often contain harmful chemicals or allergens. They have been linked to a slew of health issues including weight gain, diabetes, and heart disease.^[15] The list of sugars and artificial sweeteners to avoid includes:

• All artificial sweeteners, including sugar alcohols


• Barley malt


• Brown rice syrup


• Brown sugar


• Cane sugar


• Coconut sugar


• Date sugar


• Honey (raw or otherwise, which I normally recommend, but not when it comes to candida)


• Maple sugar


• Maple syrup


• Molasses


• Muscovado sugar


• Palm syrup


• Panela sugar


• Rapadura sugar


• Sucanat


• Sugar-containing foods including sauces, beverages, etc.


• Tapioca syrup


• Turbinado sugar


• White sugar

2. Gluten and Gluten-Containing Grains

Though some experts recommend removing all grains while on a candida cleanse, I allow gluten-free grains because of their nutritional value. The gluten-containing grains to avoid include:

• Barley


• Bulgur


• Durum


• Einkorn


• Kamut


• Oats (unless they’re gluten-free)


• Rye


• Semolina


• Spelt


• Teff


• Triticale


• White and whole wheat

Some grains are approved for the candida diet, and we’ll cover those later on. Additionally, watch out for products that contain gluten, such as soy sauce, cereals, prepared and packaged sauces, and other packaged goods. Look for labels that indicate the product is gluten-free.

3. Refined Vegetable Oils

Though fats do not feed candida, the following types of fat are high in pro-inflammatory omega-6 fatty acids. These fatty acids, when consumed in excess, can cause inflammation which has been shown to irritate the digestive tract and delay healing, leading to more candida overgrowth.^[16, 17] The following processed, highly refined oils should be avoided while on the candida diet (if not all the time):

• Canola oil


• Corn oil


• Cottonseed oil


• Grapeseed oil


• Hydrogenated fats or partially hydrogenated fats


• Margarine or fake butter spreads


• Peanut oil


• Safflower oil


• Soybean oil


• Sunflower oil


• Walnut oil

4. Non-Cultured Dairy Products

Dairy products, including milk, cream, and cheese, contain the milk sugar known as lactose, another food source for candida. I recommend staying away from most dairy during this cleanse, and in general. However, there are some allowable dairy products on this diet for those without dairy sensitivities which I’ll cover in another section.

5. Alcohol

Alcohol contributes to candida overgrowth and is therefore not allowed on the candida diet.^[4]

6. Peanuts, Cashews, Pecans, Walnuts, or Pistachios

Though other nuts are allowed on the program, these five are known to contain molds and fungus which can exacerbate candida.

7. Coffee

Since coffee can irritate the gut lining it is best to eliminate it from your diet. However, if one cup of coffee a day (without sugar or cream) is enough to keep you going on this diet, go ahead and have it with the goal of phasing it out week-by-week. Keep in mind that once you get through that first week or two, you will have gained back so much energy you likely won’t miss the coffee. If you’re ready to go cold-turkey, we’ll cover some alternatives in the next section.

The Candida Diet Plan Part 2: Allowed Food

Now that the “can’t” foods are out of the way, let’s get to the good news: what you can eat on the candida diet.

1. Gut-Supporting Superfoods

Success in your candida diet is as much about what you take out of your diet as what you put back in your body. The following fermented foods will help replenish your microbiome with good bacteria in the form of probiotics and prebiotics:

• Sauerkraut


• Cultured vegetables


• Kimchi


• Kombucha


• Naturally fermented, non-alcoholic beverages


• Yogurt


• Kefir


• Miso


• Beet kvass

2. Gluten-Free Grains

As mentioned above, certain gluten-free grains are allowed because they contain nutrients, protein, and fiber, which will keep your colon moving.

Look for these gluten-free grains flours in the gluten-free aisle of the grocery store:

• Quinoa (whole grain and flour)


• Millet (whole grain and flour)


• Buckwheat (whole grain and flour)


• Tapioca flour


• Coconut flour


• Almond meal (though not a grain, I am listing it here as it is a great grain alternative for breading, baking, etc.)


• Amaranth (whole grain and flour)

3. Healthy Fats and Oils

Despite their controversial reputation, new research has confirmed healthy fats are not the enemy and play an essential role in keeping us full, synthesizing key vitamins, and keeping our hormones in balance.

Thus, you may enjoy the following healthy fats on the candida diet:

• Avocado oil


• Avocados


• Butter (preferably organic, pasture-raised butter)


• Coconut oil (which contains anti-fungal properties and has been shown effective against Candida)^[18]


• Extra virgin olive oil


• Ghee


• Omega-3 rich oils like fish oil, krill oil, and evening primrose oil

4. Vegetables

You can enjoy unlimited amounts of fresh vegetables while on the program. While some programs recommend staying away from starchy vegetables, I allow them as they contain a wealth of nutrients and fiber and are alkalizing to your system. Don’t forget about sea vegetables, which are rich in minerals and iodine.

5. Fruit

Though there is some debate over whether fruit should be included on the candida diet, I wholeheartedly recommend consuming fruit while on the candida diet, provided you eat it in conjunction with your body’s biological rhythms.

By that, I mean that fruit should be eaten by itself in its whole, fresh state (do not combine it with other non-fruit foods), and wait thirty minutes to one hour before eating anything else.

This is important because consuming fruit sugar alone causes it to alkalize your bodily fluids while providing essential nutrients, which helps kill candida overgrowth. Conversely, if fruit is consumed with other foods, such as starches or proteins, it turns to glucose which feeds candida.

In a nutshell: fresh, whole fruit eaten by itself in the morning is anti-candida; fruit eaten with other foods feeds candida. Be sure to avoid fruit juice, canned fruit (which typically has added sugar), and dried fruit (which have a concentrated sugar content).

6. Healthy Proteins

Protein provides the building blocks for growth and repair and is therefore important while on the candida diet. The key with protein is choosing quality over quantity. I prefer vegan sources of protein. Beans and legumes are allowed (except for peanuts, which are a legume). However, pay attention to how your body feels as the sugars found in beans can feed in some cases candida, especially in the early stages.

If this is an issue, substitute other high-protein foods like quinoa, millet, hemp protein powder, nuts and seeds, and cultured soy products like tempeh (since the culturing breaks down sugars).

If you choose to eat meat, consume only non-processed, organic, grass-fed sources, such as grass-fed red meats (beef, bison, etc.), chicken, turkey, organic eggs, and wild-caught, low-mercury fish like wild Alaskan salmon, sardines, anchovies, and herring.

7. Dairy and Milk Products

Though I recommend avoiding most dairy products while on the candida diet, cultured organic dairy products (ideally from pasture-raised cows, goats, or sheep) are allowed, as the culturing process naturally reduces the milk sugar, lactose, while adding probiotic value.

Non-dairy milk products are also allowed (except cashew milk and soy milk), provided they are unsweetened:

• Yogurt


• Kefir


• Cultured butter


• Cultured cheeses


• Unsweetened coconut milk


• Unsweetened almond milk


• Unsweetened hemp milk

8. Nuts and Seeds

Enjoy all nuts and seeds, preferably raw, soaked, or sprouted, except for peanuts, cashews, walnuts, and pistachios which commonly contain mold and fungus. Nut butters are fine, provided they do not contain any added sugars. Remember that chia and hemp seeds are a great source of healthy fats and protein.

9. Beverages and Coffee Substitutes

Staying hydrated is one of the key components for success when you’re following the candida diet. Aim for half your weight in ounces per day to speed elimination and promote efficient cleansing. You can also add a tablespoon of raw apple cider vinegar to the water to help alkalize the body and promote healthy detox.

Replace alcoholic beverages with probiotic-rich beverages like kombucha or kefir water. Again, water should be the main thing you consume but for a little variety, try unsweetened cranberry juice mixed with water and a bit of stevia or homemade stevia lemonade. Just mix the juice of 1 lemon or lime with 8 ounces of water and stevia to taste.

In place of coffee, try green tea or yerba mate, which contains a little caffeine and loads of antioxidants. Chicory coffee is another popular coffee substitute. A lot of people also enjoy herbal teas. Peppermint and nettle provide a natural, refreshing boost, while Pau d’arco, cinnamon, and turmeric teas will help support normal candida balance.

Supplements to Support Your Candida Diet Cleanse

Although a healthy eating plan is the best strategy for achieving candida balance and general good health, there are a few supplements I recommend to help support your candida detox:

• Mycozil™—a blend of herbs like Wildcrafted Jatoba bark and Pau d’arco bark, and enzymes formulated to support normal candida balance and cleansing.


• A probiotic and prebiotic supplement, like Floratrex™, which contains a blend of strains.


• An oxygen-based intestinal cleanser, like Oxy Powder®, to facilitate cleansing and detoxification.

How Long Should You Follow the Candida Diet?

How long you should follow the candida diet depends on your symptoms, health history, the severity of the candida overgrowth and how faithfully you follow the diet and supplement recommendations.

The general recommendation is one-month minimum, then slowly reintroduce foods and see how your body reacts. If your issues flare up again, go back on the diet for another two to four weeks or consult your healthcare practitioner.

How to Maintain Candida Balance for Life

Since it exists naturally in our bodies, candida is always going to be part of our lives. The key to living with it healthfully is to prevent overgrowth from happening in the first place.

• Avoid antibiotics as much as possible, and if you must take them go on the candida diet afterward and take plenty of probiotics and prebiotics


• Eat a sensible diet that’s low in sugar, refined grains, and processed foods


• Nurture your gut’s bacterial balance by eating probiotic and prebiotic-rich foods regularly


• Enjoy alcohol in moderation, or, better yet, avoid it entirely


• Keep your stress levels in check


• Get enough sleep


• Nurture your immune system

Have you used diet to remedy a candida balance? What tips and insight can you provide? Leave a comment below and share your thoughts with us.

References (18)

1. “Fungal Diseases.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Aug. 2017.


2. Kim J., Sudbery P. “Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen.” J Microbiol. 2011 Apr;49(2):171-7. doi: 10.1007/s12275-011-1064-7. Epub 2011 May 3.


3. Publishing, Harvard Health. “Candidiasis.” Harvard Health, Harvard Medical School, Feb. 2013.


4. Choi, J., Lee, C., Lim, Y., Kang, H., Lim, C., Choi, J.S. “Prevalence and Risk Factors of Esophageal Candidiasis in Healthy Individuals: A Single Center Experience in Korea.” Yonsei Med J. 2013 Jan 1; 54(1): 160–165.


5. Kelly, John R., et al. “Breaking down the Barriers: the Gut Microbiome, Intestinal Permeability and Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders.” Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Frontiers Media S.A., 2015.


6. “Why Does Candida Really Need Sugar? » The Candida Diet.” The Candida Diet, 7 Sept. 2017.


7. Casqueiro J., Casqueiro J., Alves C. “Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis.” Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Mar; 16(Suppl1): S27–S36.


8. “Invasive Candidiasis Risk & Prevention.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Mar. 2016.


9. “Common Causes of Yeast Infections.” WebMD, WebMD.


10. Ehrlich, Steven D. “Candidiasis.” University of Maryland Medical Center.


11. “Candida Infections of the Mouth, Throat, and Esophagus.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4 Aug. 2017.


12. Schulz, J., Sonnenborn, U. “Yeasts in the Gut: From Commensals to Infectious Agents.” Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2009 Dec; 106(51-52): 837–842.


13. Rucklidge, J.J. “Could yeast infections impair recovery from mental illness? A case study using micronutrients and olive leaf extract for the treatment of ADHD and depression.” Adv Mind Body Med. 2013 Summer;27(3):14-8.


14. Sakharuk, N.A. “[The role of various Candida species in oral candidiasis etiology in psoriasis and eczema patients.].” Stomatologiia (Mosk). 2013;92(4):31-33.


15. Canadian Medical Association Journal. “Artificial sweeteners linked to risk of weight gain, heart disease and other health issues.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 17 July 2017.


16. Patterson, E., et al. “Health Implications of High Dietary Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.” Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2012.


17. Kumamoto, Carol A. “Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Candida Colonization.” Current Opinion in Microbiology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Aug. 2011.


18. Gunsalus, Kearney T.W., et al. “Manipulation of Host Diet To Reduce Gastrointestinal Colonization by the Opportunistic Pathogen Candida Albicans.” MSphere, American Society for Microbiology Journals, 25 Feb. 2016.

The post The Ultimate Candida Diet Program appeared first on The Sleuth Journal.

Fighting Fungus: Cleansing with Brazilian Pepper Tree

Brazilian pepper tree is a shrubby tree that’s found on several continents, but native to Central and South America. The leaves and bark contain many active compounds including alkaloids and essential oil. The plant has a long history of use by peoples throughout its native area. Peruvians use the sap as a topical cleanser against germs, Argentinians use it for respiratory ailments and urinary tract irritations. In Brazil, extracts from the bark are used in herbal medicine to address cardiovascular problems, harmful organisms, and fungus.

Brazilian Pepper Tree and Harmful Organisms

The folk medicine uses of pepper tree are many and include relief from symptoms of ulcers, respiratory problems, diarrhea, and skin problems. ^[1] However, most contemporary uses of Brazilian pepper tree are focused on its activity against harmful organisms. Several studies have confirmed Brazilian pepper tree to be toxic against Staphylococcus. ^[2]

In a study conducted by Brazil’s Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, patients with vaginosis were given an ointment containing an extract of Brazilian pepper tree. After just the first seven consecutive night-time applications, 21% of the patients reported improvement. Even more encouraging, adverse side effects were minor and infrequent. ^[3]

Brazilian Pepper Tree, Fungus, and Candida

Clinical studies have investigated the toxicity of Brazilian pepper tree extract to common harmful organisms (not just streptococcus and staphylococcus, but also candida) have revealed it may be a therapeutic option for certain infections. ^[4] Several inquiries have been made into Brazilian pepper tree’s effect on fighting candida and it has repeatedly been shown to impair the growth and proliferation of candida albicans by inhibiting fungal cell wall formation. ^[5] [6]

Why is Brazilian Pepper Tree Effective?

Examinations of the functional mechanisms of Brazilian pepper tree show that it induces DNA damage and mutation in bacteria. ^[7] Given this fundamental action, it’s no surprise that additional research out of Brazil has identified compounds in Brazilian pepper tree extract that are toxic to other pathogenic funguses besides candida. ^[8]

Supplementing with Brazilian Peppertree

Brazilian pepper tree is a great example of a natural product where the formal inquiries confirm the traditional use. Along with jatoba, horopito, and anise seed it is one of several botanicals that have demonstrated clinical toxicity to harmful organisms. Effective natural options are encouraging to persons who are suffering from candida and do not want to rely on pharmaceutical drugs for relief. If fungus or candida overgrowth is a problem in your life, Brazilian pepper tree could be a potential strategy.

References (8)

1. Santana JS, Sartorelli P, Guadagnin RC, Matsuo AL, Figueiredo CR, Soares MG, da Silva AM, Lago JH. Essential oils from Schinus terebinthifolius leaves – chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation. Pharm Biol. 2012 Oct;50(10):1248-53. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2012.666880. Epub 2012 Aug 8.


2. de Lima MR, de Souza Luna J, dos Santos AF, de Andrade MC, Sant’Ana AE, Genet JP, Marquez B, Neuville L, Moreau N. Anti-bacterial activity of some Brazilian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Apr 21;105(1-2):137-47. Epub 2005 Dec 13.


3. Leite SR, Amorim MM, Sereno PF, Leite TN, Ferreira JA, Ximenes RA. Randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of the vaginal use of metronidazole with a Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus) extract for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2011 Mar;44(3):245-52. Epub 2011 Jan 14.


4. Pereira EM, Gomes RT, Freire NR, Aguiar EG, Brandão Md, Santos VR. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Brazilian medicinal plant extracts against pathogenic microorganisms of interest to dentistry. Planta Med. 2011 Mar;77(4):401-4. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1250354. Epub 2010 Sep 22.


5. Gomes FS, Procópio TF, Napoleão TH, Coelho LC, Paiva PM. Antimicrobial lectin from Schinus terebinthifolius leaf. J Appl Microbiol. 2013 Mar;114(3):672-9. doi: 10.1111/jam.12086. Epub 2012 Dec 28.


6. Alves LA, Freires Ide A, Pereira TM, Souza Ad, Lima Ede O, Castro RD. Effect of Schinus terebinthifolius on Candida albicans growth kinetics, cell wall formation and micromorphology. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013 May-Jul;71(3-4):965-71. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2012.741694. Epub 2013 Jan 8.


7. de Carvalho MC, Barca FN, Agnez-Lima LF, de Medeiros SR. Evaluation of mutagenic activity in an extract of pepper tree stem bark (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi). Environ Mol Mutagen. 2003;42(3):185-91.


8. Johann S, Sá NP, Lima LA, Cisalpino PS, Cota BB, Alves TM, Siqueira EP, Zani CL. Antifungal activity of schinol and a new biphenyl compound isolated from Schinus terebinthifolius against the pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2010 Oct 12;9:30. doi: 10.1186/1476-0711-9-30.

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Fighting Fungus: Cleansing with Jatoba

Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril) is a tree indigenous to the Amazon rainforest and Central America that can grow up to 90 feet tall and contributes to the rainforest canopy. Jatoba produces a dense, hardwood that is durable and termite resistant, making it very useful for carpentry, flooring, and furniture. One of the most interesting things about wild jatoba is that when the tree’s life cycle is finished and the tree dies, unlike most other rainforest trees, the wood of the jatoba tree does not rot.

This observation of its resistance to mold and fungus has predicated inquisitions into the therapeutic qualities of jatoba… of which there are several. In fact, jatoba has been used for therapeutic purposes by traditional medicine practitioners for many problems, including diarrhea, hepatitis, bronchitis, and coughs.

Many of Jatoba’s benefits are related to its toxicity against harmful organisms, including yeast, viruses, fungi and bacteria and most of its beneficial compounds are located within its bark. Not only does jatoba present itself as fierce opposition to harmful organisms, but also to swelling, as jatoba contains a wide variety of active compounds and phytochemicals that have demonstrated an ability to fight redness and irritation. ^[1] Traditional preparation is a tea prepared from the bark or a tincture which can be used for a variety of health conditions, including the candida fungus.

Jatoba and Harmful Organisms

Jatoba is probably best known for its strength against fungi, including candida. However, research has shown jatoba to be toxic to other harmful organisms as well. In a Brazilian study designed to investigate jatoba for activity against the simian rotavirus, jatoba was active and described by researchers as definitely worthy of additional research. ^[2] Test tube evaluations of jatoba, performed by the Institut für Pharmazie at Freie Universität in Berlin Germany, have shown that jatoba is active against plasmodium (harmful organism). ^[3]

Jatoba and Fungus

The compounds in jatoba are known to possess a strong resistance to fungus and yeast, which has caused some persons and researchers to approach it with extreme interest as a very effective topical application for addressing fungal infections such as candida, athlete’s foot, and nail fungus. ^[4] [5]

Jatoba can also be taken internally and may offer relief for symptoms of chronic problems which are believed to be fungal in their origin and do not respond to harsh prescriptions. It is in these instances where a natural, fungus resistant compound like jatoba has generated high interest. ^[6]

References (6)

1. Marin AM, Siqueira EM, Arruda SF. Minerals, phytic acid and tannin contents of 18 fruits from the Brazilian savanna. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2009;60 Suppl 7:180-90. doi: 10.1080/09637480902789342. Epub 2009 Apr 6.


2. Cecílio AB, de Faria DB, Oliveira Pde C, Caldas S, de Oliveira DA, Sobral ME, Duarte MG, Moreira CP, Silva CG, de Almeida VL. Screening of Brazilian medicinal plants for antiviral activity against rotavirus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Jun 14;141(3):975-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.031. Epub 2012 Mar 26.


3. Köhler I, Jenett-Siems K, Siems K, Hernández MA, Ibarra RA, Berendsohn WG, Bienzle U, Eich E. In vitro antiplasmodial investigation of medicinal plants from El Salvador. Z Naturforsch C. 2002 Mar-Apr;57(3-4):277-81.


4. Raintree Nutrition Inc. Biological activities for extracts of Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril) (PDF). Jatoba Plant Database File. 2004.


5. L. Rahalison, M. Hamburger, K. Hostettmann, M. Monod, E. Frenk, M. P. Gupta, A. I. Santana, M.D. Correa, A. G. Gonzalez. Screening for antifungal activity of panamanian plants. Pharmaceutical Biology. 1993. vol. 31, no.1 pages 68-76(doi:10.3109/13880209309082921).


6. Raintree. Jatoba. Tropical Plant Database.

Fighting Fungus: Cleansing With Active Horopito

New Zealand lies deep in the South Pacific, an island not to itself, but by itself. This seclusion has resulted in an amazing example of extraordinary flora and fauna. Aside from the incredible wildlife and sweeping views, New Zealand is home to over 2000 unique plants that have had the interest of the natural medicine and herbal remedy crowds for a long time. One plant in particular, horopito (Pseudowintera colorata) has been of specific interest due to its demonstrated ability at fighting harmful organisms, including fungus and Candida albicans.

What are the Benefits of Active Horopito?

Although horopito has been cited as having antioxidant activity, most of the excitement surrounding it is due to it containing a compound called polygodial. Polygodial has been extensively researched and repeatedly shown to be toxic to many harmful organisms; both alone and when used in combination with other herbs.

The Department of Environmental Science at the University of California Berkeley has reported many significant findings concerning polygodial. Researchers there evaluated the in vitro activity of polygodial and reported that it demonstrated strong and fast fungicidal activity against candida albicans. When conditions are acidic, polygodial’s defense against fungi sharply increases. ^[1] [2]

Active Horopito and Anise Seed

Although polygodial is extremely noteworthy on its own, it also performs well in tandem. When it’s combined with anethole, the active ingredient in anise seed, the efficacy of polygodial goes through the roof. Whereas polygodial attacks harmful organisms at a molecular level, actually punching holes directly through cell membranes and infiltrating cells directly to initiate its vengeance, anethole’s role is to prevent the attacked cells from recovering. A combination of both compounds produces a one-two punch that is toxic against fungus. ^{[3] [4] [5] [6]}

Researchers at TMC Hospital in Shizuoka, Japan observed this effect when evaluating a polygodial-anethole compound against multiple fungal pathogens, including candida. Not only was the compound effective, no adverse effects were reported. ^[7]

Supplementing with Active Horopito

If you’re one of the 80 million Americans who suffer from a form of yeast infection, I recommend cleansing your body and supplementing with the herbs that have proven effective at fighting fungus and yeast overgrowth. I’ve said it before and I’m saying it again, only invest in supplements that are produced using non-toxic, organic means. Herbs like horopito have their advantages but if they are grown in toxic conditions and pumped full of pesticides you may be better off without it!

References (7)

1. Kubo I, Fujita K, Lee SH, Ha TJ. Antibacterial activity of polygodial. Phytother Res. 2005 Dec;19(12):1013-7.


2. Lee SH, Lee JR, Lunde CS, Kubo I. In vitro antifungal susceptibilities of Candida albicans and other fungal pathogens to polygodial, a sesquiterpene dialdehyde. Planta Med. 1999 Apr;65(3):204-8.


3. Fujita K, Fujita T, Kubo I. Anethole, a potential antimicrobial synergist, converts a fungistatic dodecanol to a fungicidal agent. Phytother Res. 2007 Jan;21(1):47-51.


4. Kubo I, Fujita K. Naturally occurring anti-Salmonella agents. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Dec;49(12):5750-4.


5. Kubo I, Taniguchi M. Polygodial, an antifungal potentiator. J Nat Prod. 1988 Jan-Feb;51(1):22-9.


6. Kubo I, Fujita K, Lee SH, Ha TJ. Antibacterial activity of polygodial. Phytother Res. 2005 Dec;19(12):1013-7.


7. Metugriachuk Y, Kuroi O, Pavasuthipaisit K, Tsuchiya J, Minelli E, Okura R, Fesce E, Marotta F. In view of an optimal gut antifungal therapeutic strategy: an in vitro susceptibility and toxicity study testing a novel phyto-compound. Chin J Dig Dis. 2005;6(2):98-103.

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Fighting Fungus: Cleansing With Anise Seed

Anise, a plant native to Greece and Egypt, has been used since the seventh century to address health ailments and may best be identifiable today for its licorice flavor. During biblical times, taxes could be paid in crops, anise was one of them. The Romans cultivated anise and greatly exploited (in a good way) its many health benefits. Today, many people use anise to support digestion, which is not much surprise since it is related to caraway, dill, and fennel- also often fingered as digestive support agents.

However, one advantage that anise has over its similar counterparts is that it’s much more powerful against, and resistant to, harmful organisms. In lab and clinical trials, anise stands its ground when faced up against harmful organisms and it’s even more potent when combined with other, similarly beneficial herbs.

Anise Seed and Annoying Insects

Mosquitoes are known to carry diseases and present a very serious public health issue to many communities all over the world. Because of a laundry list of negative health effects associated with chemical pesticides, there is much focus and effort on developing effective pest control measures using natural compounds. Research has shown that anise seed oil is toxic to mosquito larvae and offers potential as an essential oil that may be effective at controlling vector-borne disease carrying agents. ^[1]

The Plant Protection Department at Turkey’s Akdeniz University evaluated essential oils of several therapeutic herbs, including anise, eucalyptus, mint, and basil for efficacy against mosquitos. All the samples were deemed effective, although to different degrees, and anise was identified as the most effective. ^[2]

Mosquitos aren’t the only flying pests anise seed has defeated. Sterling International, a company based in Washington, evaluated common essential oils against several species of wasps. Anise seed was one of several observed as effective and having potential as a natural, eco-friendly wasp control measure. ^[3]

Anise Seed vs. Harmful Organisms, Candida, Yeast, and Fungus

With anise seed’s demonstrated efficacy against insects, it’s no surprise that the amount of research supporting the toxicity of anise seed to other harmful organisms is staggering and comes from all corners of the globe.

Research conducted at The University of Mississippi’s School of Pharmacy evaluated various plant extracts for their resistance to fungus and noted that anise seed was the best at inhibiting both fungal and microbial activity. ^[4]

Croatia’s University of Zagreb conducted similar research and had similar conclusions. When anise extract was put to the test against seven strains of yeast and four strains of fungus, in vitro experiments showed anise to retard both fungus and yeast proliferation. ^[5]

Additionally, Iraq’s University of Mosul also tested essential oils for activity against several harmful strains of bacteria, including staph, e. coli, and salmonella. Essential oil of anise seed demonstrated the highest resistance to bacteria. ^[6]

Supplementing With Anise Seed

Perhaps the best argument for anise seed came from the Immunology Research Institute and Clinic in Nagoya, Japan. For patients undergoing antibiotic or immune-system-suppressing therapies, chronic urinary infection of candida can be a constant problem. In 2010, the Institute conducted a study that involved 39 such patients and concluded that a natural, plant-based compound with demonstrated resistance to fungus could offer an effective approach. ^[7]

If fungus, candida, or yeast is a problem in your life, I recommend cleansing your body and following a body cleansing diet. For additional support, Mycozil™ is product that contains anise seed and is an ultra powerful weapon against nail and toenail fungus, candida, and yeast imbalance.

References (7)

1. Kimbaris AC, Koliopoulos G, Michaelakis A, Konstantopoulou MA. “Bioactivity of Dianthus caryophyllus, Lepidium sativum, Pimpinella anisum, and Illicium verum essential oils and their major components against the West Nile vector Culex pipiens.” Parasitol Res. 2012 Dec;111(6):2403-10. doi: 10.1007/s00436-012-3097-1. Epub 2012 Sep 6.


2. Erler F, Ulug I, Yalcinkaya B. “Repellent activity of five essential oils against Culex pipiens.” Fitoterapia. 2006 Dec;77(7-8):491-4. Epub 2006 Jul 7.


3. Zhang QH, Schneidmiller RG, Hoover DR. “Essential oils and their compositions as spatial repellents for pestiferous social wasps.” Pest Manag Sci. 2013 Apr;69(4):542-52. doi: 10.1002/ps.3411. Epub 2012 Oct 19.


4. Tabanca N, Bedir E, Ferreira D, Slade D, Wedge DE, Jacob MR, Khan SI, Kirimer N, Baser KH, Khan IA. “Bioactive constituents from Turkish Pimpinella species. Chem Biodivers.” 2005 Feb;2(2):221-32. Erratum in: Chem Biodivers. 2006 Jul;3(7):825.


5. Kosalec I, Pepeljnjak S, Kustrak D. “Antifungal activity of fluid extract and essential oil from anise fruits (Pimpinella anisum L., Apiaceae).” Acta Pharm. 2005 Dec;55(4):377-85.


6. Al-Bayati FA. “Synergistic antibacterial activity between Thymus vulgaris and Pimpinella anisum essential oils and methanol extracts.” J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Mar 28;116(3):403-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.003. Epub 2007 Dec 14.


7. Marotta F, Naito Y, Bishier MP, Jain S, Yadav H, Minelli E, Kumari A, Solimene U, Sollano J. “Subclinical candiduria in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies: a preliminary study on the protective effect of a natural phytocompound.” J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2010 Jul-Sep;24(3):317-24.

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What Is Candida?

If you’re into natural health and nutrition, there’s a good chance you’ve heard of Candida somewhere along the way. It’s a fairly common yeast present on skin, in the mucous membranes, and even the gut. In fact, over half of all humans have Candida albicans present in the body. ^[1] While species of Candida are normally harmless as long as you’re healthy (good bacteria in the body keeps them in check), sometimes modern diet or lifestyle could cause an overgrowth. Now if that happens, you might develop an easily treatable infection, but that’s about the extent of it.

The Issue with Candida

The problem comes in when someone has a suppressed immune system—maybe from AIDS or chemotherapy; under those conditions, Candida can thrive, and a deadly systemic infection (one spread throughout the body) can result. ^[2] Keep in mind: preemies could also be at risk of developing this often fatal infection because their immune system isn’t fully developed.

The number of systemic infections from Candida albicans is on the rise. According to estimates, about 25,000 Americans will develop them in any given year. But there are so few drugs to treat these fungal infections that they can often become drug-resistant. So, even with treatment, close to 10,000 Americans will die. And if we look at the bigger picture, about 1.5 million people will die from fungal infections worldwide. ^[3]

Natural Approaches to Candida

You might be wondering if there are any natural ways to fight Candida. With more and more of these infections developing drug resistance, researchers are often looking for alternative treatments. A recent study looking at lavender oil may be just what any nature-loving herbalist needs for supporting immune health and possibly fighting candida. But while the essential oil shows good antifungal uses, more research is needed to explore all its benefits. ^[4] Some reports even suggest colloidal silver could be helpful as an antifungal. ^[5] Now, while you might have heard taking garlic can help, recent research suggests that it’s actually not as beneficial against yeast as originally thought. ^[6] That being said, I highly suggest using garlic every day for its wonderful diversity of health benefits.

Candida overgrowth could also lead to a condition commonly called leaky gut, something that can lead to food sensitivities and intolerances, among other things. If you suspect you have candida or have been diagnosed, you need to take immediate action. Using something like Mycozil on the onset of symptoms may help support whole-body health against yeast and fungal infections, but you should also seek advice from your doctor for further information regarding your specific condition.

Has Candida been an issue for you? What have you found to be an effective solution?

References:

1. Fraunhofer. Tracking down pathogenic yeasts. Press Release.


2. Hickman, M. A. et al. The ‘obligate diploid’ Candida albicans forms mating-competent haploids. Nature. 494.


3. O’Meara, T. R. et al. Global analysis of fungal morphology exposes mechanisms of host cell escape. Nature Communications. 6 (6741).


4. Zuzarte, M. et al. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Lavandula viridis L’Hér. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 60 (5).


5. Al Groosh, G. et al. The prevalence of opportunistic pathogens associated with intraoral implants. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 52 (5).


6. Watson, C. J. et al. The effects of oral garlic on vaginal candida colony counts: a randomised placebo controlled double-blind trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology.

5 All-Natural Tricks To Save Your Garden From Fungus

Image source: University of Minnesota

I’ve been gardening for more than 40 years. I’m particularly fond of vegetable gardening, although my wife is an avid gardener with flowers and decorative plants. Both of us, though, have confronted the challenge of various forms of fungus growing on leaves, and we’re both very hesitant about any chemical sprays. As a result, we’ve looked for and found organic and natural solutions.

There are more than 10,000 species of fungus in North America. Most present themselves as mushrooms, but a good many are mold. The fungus that affects plants is actually a form of mold. It appears as a white, powdery coating on leaves and quickly spreads. This is due to the way that a fungus reproduces: spores.

Spores are, essentially, microscopic seeds. They are about the size of a grain of pollen. Thus, a fungus can spread easily as the spores are carried on the wind. And that can be a real problem.

A fungus might first show up as a mold growth on cucumber leaves, but the spores will happily spread the fungus to other plants in the garden, and eventually to flowers and even trees in the yard.

One year I had a small orchard of apple trees annihilated by a fungus. By August the leaves had turned yellow and half of the leaves were on the ground. I didn’t lose any trees, but there were few apples and little growth that year.

Here are five natural ways to deal with fungus:

1. Trim affected leaves and plants.

Keep an eye on your yard and gardens, and the minute you see a leaf affected by what appears to be a fungus, cut the leaf at the base of the stem. If the entire plant seems affected, you may have to remove the entire plant.

Do not throw the affected leaves or vines in the compost heap. It’s nice to believe that the heat of a compost heap will effectively kill the fungus, but some spores will always find themselves on the top of the heap. The problem is that as you incorporate your compost into your garden or yard, you are spreading the spores. Either burn the leaves or place them in a plastic garbage bag and throw them out with the garbage.

2. Hydrogen peroxide.

Add one ounce of hydrogen peroxide to nine ounces of water, and pour the solution into a spray bottle. After removing any affected leaves, spray the surrounding plants and the affected plant with a liberal, misting spray of the solution. The hydrogen peroxide will kill and prevent further fungal growth. If you’re a bit squeamish about applying hydrogen peroxide to your fruits or vegetables, then you can use this approach on flowers and other decorative plants and use the next approach for your vegetable garden.

Keep an eye on the weather, however. After any rain, you likely should reapply the solution.

3. Acetic acid.

Sounds scary, doesn’t it? But in case you didn’t know, acetic acid is vinegar. Most store-bought vinegar has a 4 to 5 percent solution of acetic acid.

The All-Natural Fertilizer That Can Double Your Garden Yield!

Vinegar is, in fact, a highly powerful, natural antiseptic. Combine the vinegar with an equal measure of water and put into a plastic spray bottle. Some people prefer the vinegar approach to hydrogen peroxide, but you can apply both to your plants if you want a little extra insurance.

Image source: Pixabay.com

I prefer this approach for vegetables and fruits. It’s easy to rinse off the vinegar before eating any fruit or vegetable. Reapply after a rain.

4. Baking soda.

Combine one quart of water with one teaspoon of baking soda. Add a half teaspoon of canola oil and a splash of dish soap and shake the bottle. Apply the same way as either the hydrogen peroxide treatment or the vinegar treatment.

One note: If you apply the vinegar solution to your leaves immediately followed by the baking soda solution, you may see some foaming. I’ve done this intentionally a couple of times to see if it was more effective, but there was nothing to indicate the combination was better than either one individually.

5. Change your garden location.

The simple fact is that a fungus doesn’t like bright sun. It prefers the cool shade of trees or other plants to grow and spread. Your garden location will be somewhat protected from fungus if it’s in full sun all day. My problem is that my current vegetable garden was started in bright sun and raised beds 30 years ago; since then, the surrounding trees partially shade it at times.

When to Go on High Alert

Certain weather factors encourage the rapid growth of fungus on plants. Humidity is a primary culprit. After any rain and especially a fog, be on the lookout for the sudden appearance of any fungus on your plants. It can take only a few days for the fungus to grow.

So, can you eat food with fungus? The answer is yes and no. Most fungus only affects the leaves of plants, not the fruits. If the tomatoes, cucumbers or squash look like they’re not affected, then just make sure to give them a good rinse in cold, running water. If they smell like mildew, toss them in the garbage.

Green, leafy vegetables are another story. A fungus causes a leaf to rapidly decompose. You’ll notice two things if you try to rinse some spinach, kale or lettuce that’s been affected by a fungus. For one, the leaves may dissolve in your hands as you rinse them. Worse, they may smell and taste like mildew. If a leafy vegetable is affected, toss it in the garbage.

Hopefully you won’t have a serious problem with fungus in your yard or garden this year, but if so, you now have the tools to battle it. Happy gardening!

What advice would you add? Share your tips in the section below:

Deadly Fungus Spreads Through U.S. Healthcare Facilities

The number of cases of Candida auris (C. auris), a dangerous multidrug-resistant fungus, in the U.S. has grown from 7 to 122 over the past 9 months, the CDC says in its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. [1]

C. auris can cause severe illness and high mortality (60%), especially among patients who are in intensive-care units, those with a central venous catheter, and people who have received antibiotics or antifungal medications. [1] [2]

Sharon Tsay, lead author and an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer at the CDC, says:

“It seems to affect the sickest of the sick patients, particularly those in hospitals and nursing homes with other medical problems.” [1]

There have been 77 confirmed cases of C. auris in U.S. hospitals. Upon examining the patients’ close contacts, another 45 cases were identified, for a total of 122 U.S. patients with the fungal infection as of May 12. Among the original 77 patients, the patients’ average age was 70, and 55% were men.

Read: First Cases of Drug-Resistant Candida Auris Spreading in U.S. Hospitals

Of the 122 total cases, the majority were reported in healthcare facilities in New York, New Jersey, and Illinois. Most of the patients were chronically ill and spent long stretches at high-acuity skilled nursing facilities. [2]

According to the CDC:

“In Illinois, 3 cases were associated with the same long-term care facility. In New York and New Jersey, cases were identified in multiple acute care hospitals, but further investigation found most had overlapping stays at interconnected long-term care facilities and acute care hospitals within a limited geographic area. The case in Massachusetts was linked to the Illinois cases.”

The good news: none of the infections reported in the U.S. were resistant to all available antifungal drugs. However, according to Paige Armstrong, an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer for the CDC, the fungus is “acting a lot like some super bacteria that we’ve seen previously.” [1]

CDC analysis of the first 35 clinical isolates showed that 86% were resistant to fluconazole, 43% were resistant to amphotericin B, and 3% were resistant to echinocandins. [2]

Invasive candidiasis – when the yeast gets into the bloodstream – is the most dangerous type of fungal infection. But C. auris can also make its way into respiratory tract, urine, bile fluid and even bone, leaving doctors scratching their heads as to why the fungus seems to linger, and what other infections it might cause. [3]

Read: Deadly Fungal Infection a Growing Concern in U.S. Hospitals

Says Tsay:

“The fact that it has been found in other sites may also reflect its ability to persist on a patient’s body and be spread in the environment around them – one of (the) reasons that C. auris is causing outbreaks.”

The CDC is monitoring the situation. New York State Health Commissioner Howard Zucker said during a recent press conference:

“It is important for New Yorkers to understand C. auris poses no risk to the general public. We’re taking aggressive actions to contain its spread in hospitals and nursing homes.”

Sources:

[1] CNN

[2] Medscape

[3] Science Alert

CNN

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About Julie Fidler:
	Julie Fidler is a freelance writer, legal blogger, and the author of Adventures in Holy Matrimony: For Better or the Absolute Worst. She lives in Pennsylvania with her husband and two ridiculously spoiled cats. She occasionally pontificates on her blog.